Python

Python
"Python has become the de facto standard for exploratory, interactive, and computation-driven scientific research."

Tutorial: ('*' refers to:

The Python Tutorial

)

  0. Getting Started: A "copy" program (files, lists. REs).
  1. Introduction: Loops, conds, output, format, functions.
  2. Regular Expressions: Implemented by the library module re.
         Includes a systems programming example as 2.6.
  3. Containers: Much commonality, especially the first 3 below.
         3.1 Strings: Like normal strings. (2015 base 2 = palindrome.)
         3.2 Lists: A cross between linked lists and arrays.
         3.3 Tuples:* Like lists but can't be changed after creation.
         3.4 Dictionaries: Called "Associative Arrays" elsewhere.
         3.5 Sets:* Unusual, implements mathematical sets.
  4. Randomization: Python's Random Number Generator.
  5. Debugging: Especially the use of pdb.
  6. Binary Trees: Using lists or pointers
         6.1 Trees as Lists: Concordance program.
         6.2 Trees Using Pointers: Concordance program.
         6.3 Concordance Programs: Performance.
  8. Classes: Everything is a class in Python
         8.1 Introduction: Just insert "self." everywhere.
         8.2 Examples of Classes: complex numbers, etc.
  9. Case Study: Finite Automata: Simulating DFAs and NFAs.
         9.1 Basic Program: No classes. Uses Python sets.
         9.2 Using a Class: Not the final word. Uses Python sets.
10. Graphs: Using adjacency lists.
       10.1 Introduction: Representation.
       10.2 Knight's Tour: Backtracking search.
       10.3 US Capitals:
11. Functions:
       11.1 Introduction: Parameters, lambda.
       11.2 Decorators & Memoization:
13. Arbitrary-Precision Float: Library mpmath.
       13.1 Introduction: Examples
       13.2 Gregory's Series: Calculate Pi
       13.3 Other Number Bases: Use conversions. See Article.
       13.4 Iterative Pi: Uses Arithmetic-geometric Mean
14. Partitions: Counting partitions of an integer.
(Many topics not yet covered.)

From the Homepage:

www.python.org

Documentation: Links for Python 2.x and 3.x
Getting Started: for beginners
Python2orPython3: differences, and which you should use
Python FAQs: particularly informative

Popularity:

eval("Python"): tiobe, pypl
Python versus Perl: Coordinate-wise vector addition
Python in XKCD: 6 cartoons

(Revision: 2022-12-07. Use ISO 8601, the International Standard.)