19.1 Types are objects, too
>>> type(5)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(['hello', 'goodbye'])
<class 'list'>

>>> type_result = type(5)
      >>> type(type_result)
      <class 'type'>

19.2 Using types

>>> type("Hello") == type("Goodbye")
True
>>> type("Hello") == type(5)
False

19.3 Types and user-defined classes

>>> class A:
...     pass
...
>>> class B(A):
...     pass
...
>>> b = B()
>>> type(b)
<class '__main__.B'>
>>> b.__class__
<class '__main__.B'>
>>> b_class = b.__class__
>>> b_class == B
True
>>> b_class.__name__
'B'
>>> b_class.__bases__
(<class '__main__.A'>,)

>>> class C:
...     pass
...
>>> class D:
...     pass
...
>>> class E(D):
...     pass
...
>>> x = 12
>>> c = C()
>>> d = D()
>>> e = E()
>>> isinstance(x, E)
False
>>> isinstance(c, E)  
False
>>> isinstance(e, E)
True
>>> isinstance(e, D)
True
>>> isinstance(d, E)
False
>>> y = 12
>>> isinstance(y, type(5))
True

>>> issubclass(C,D)
False
>>> issubclass(E,D)
True
>>> issubclass(D,D)
True
>>> issubclass(e.__class__,D)
True

19.1 Types are objects

>>> type(5)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(['hello', 'goodbye'])
<class 'list'>

>>> type(5)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(['hello', 'goodbye'])
<class 'list'>

19.2 Using Types

>>> type("Hello") == type("Goodbye")
True
>>> type("Hello") == type(5)
False

19.3 Types and user-defined classe

>>> class A:
...     pass
>>> class B(A):
...     pass

>>> b = B()
>>> type(b)
<class '__main__.B'>

>>> b.__class__
<class '__main__.B'>

>>> bClass = b.__class__
>>> bClass == B
True

>>> bClass.__name__
'B'

>>> bClass.__bases__
(<class '__main__.A'>,)

>>> class C:
...     pass
...
>>> class D:
...     pass
...
>>> class E(D):
...     pass
...
>>> x = 12
>>> c = C()
>>> d = D()
>>> e = E()
>>> isinstance(x, E)
False
>>> isinstance(c, E) 
False
>>> isinstance(e, E)
True
>>> isinstance(e, D) 
True
>>> isinstance(d, E) 
False
>>> y = 12
>>> isinstance(y, type(5))
True

>>> issubclass(C,D)
False
>>> issubclass(E,D)
True
>>> issubclass(D,D) 
True
>>> issubclass(e.__class__,D)
True