Note: You need to know all of this material for exams.

• Unless otherwise noted, every command line should be completed with a RETURN (<-| Enter on keyboard).
• All Unix commands must be typed in lower case.
• Unix commands often have options, signaled by a "-" followed by the name of the option.
• Unix commands below are in bold green.

man printf

cd path/directory   #  where path/directory is either an absolute or relative pathname to the desired directory.
cd ~   # takes you to your home directory.
cd ..   # takes you to the parent directory of the current directory.

mkdir directoryname

rmdir directoryname

ls -F    #  places "/" after directories, and "*" after executable files.
ls -l    #  gives a long listing, showing permissions, size, date last changed, etc.
ls -a   #  include hidden files (filenames starting with a ".")
ls -Fla   #  do all three options above at once.

cp source-file destination-file

rm filename

mv path/oldname path/newname    # can be used to rename a file if the path is the same.

more filename    # A space gives the next screen, or q to quit.

cat filename   #  prints the contents of filename to the screen.
cat -n filename   #  adds line numbers.
cat filel file2 > file3    #  Append file2 to the end of filel and save as file3.

script filename   #  To stop recording, use Ctrl-D.

!n   #  executes the nth command when n is an integer, !4
!v   #  exectues the last command that started with the character v
!!   #  executes the last command 

User input in green, comments in orange, system responses in black. (Instead of using % to show the Unix prompt, here I show the actual prompts.)

neal@linux:~> pwd                                   # Current directory at home
/home/neal
neal@linux:~> ssh wagner@gateway19.cs.utsa.edu      # secure shell to UTSA
wagner@gateway19.cs.utsa.edu's password:********    # type password
[wagner@gateway19 ~]$ mkdir example                 # create a new directory
[wagner@gateway19 ~]$ ls -F                         # list current directory contents
example/                                            # actually, there's a lot more junk here
[wagner@gateway19 ~]$ cd example                    # change to the new directory
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ pwd                   # print the current path
/home/wagner/example
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ vi goodmen.txt        # use vi to create new file
iNow is the time for all good men                   # initial "i" is for "insert"
to come to the aid of their party.
[Esc] ZZ                                            # type "Esc" key, followed by "ZZ"
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ ls -l                 # long listing
total 1                                             # 1 file in this directory
-rw-r--r--  1 wagner news 69 Dec 30 17:24 goodmen.txt   # 69 chars in file
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ cat -n goodmen.txt    # print to terminal with line numbers
     1  Now is the time for all good men
     2  to come to the aid of their party.
     3
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ rm goodment.txt       # remove the file. Oops, misspelled!
rm: cannot remove `goodment.txt': No such file or directory
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ rm goodmen.txt        # remove the file.
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ ls -l                 # check listing
total 0
[wagner@gateway19 ~/example]$ cd ..                 # back to parent directory
[wagner@gateway19 ~]$ rmdir example                 # remove the directory
[wagner@gateway19 ~]$ logout                        # terminate secure shell connection
Connection to gateway19.cs.utsa.edu closed.
neal@linux:~>                                       # Ahhh.  Back at home!

< filename    #  directs "filename" in as if it were the standard input from the terminal.
> filename    #  directs standard output to "filename" rather than the terminal.
>> filename   #  append standard output to "filename".
cat file1 file2 > combinedfile   #  "combinedfile" is just "file1" followed by "file2"

who | sort   #  produces a sorted list of users of your computer
ls -l | more   #  a long listing that lets you look one screen at a time